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"Pyrotechnics" von A.Hardt behandelt des gesamte Spektrum der Pyrotechnik, wobei der Fokus auf das Gebiet des Feuerwerks gerichtet ist. Da dieses Buch erst kürzlich (Ende Jahres 2001) erschien, ist es weitgehend auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik. Der Autor beschreibt sehr ausführlich die unterschiedlichen pyrotechnischen Effekte und Vorgänge, wie die Zündung, Farberzeugung, Rauch, Glittereffekt, intermittierende Verbrennung (Blinker, Heuler) oder Flares für die Täuschung von Boden-Luft-Raketen. Desgleichen widmet sich der Autor den einzelnen pyrotechnischen Gegenständen, wie Feuerwerksraketen, römische Lichter oder italienische Feuerwerksbomben.
Dieses Werk sollte in keiner Bibliothek eines Pyrotechnikers fehlen.
Publisher's Preface ................................................................. v Author's Preface .................................................................. vii Biographical Note .................................................................. ix Tribute to the Memory of Dr. Alexander P. Hardt .................................... xi Alexander P. Hardt, 1930 - 1989 .................................................. xiii About the Contributors ............................................................ xiv Table of Contents .................................................................. xv List of Tables ..................................................................... xx List of Line Illustrations ....................................................... xxiv List of Photographic Illustrations .............................................. xxvii
Chapter 1. Definitions, Scope, and Literature ....................................... 1
Chapter 2. Safety and Handling of Hazardous Materials ............................... 5
The Problem of Hazardous Chemicals ........................................... 7 Toxicity Hazards ............................................................ 10 TLV-TWA Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average .................... 10 TLV-STEL Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit ............... 10 TLV-C Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling .................................... 10 Carcinogens ................................................................. 10
Chapter 3. Disposal of Hazardous Materials ......................................... 13
Chapter 4. Statistical Test and Analysis Methods ................................... 17
Introduction ................................................................ 17 Estimates of µ and Sigma .................................................... 18 Test Methods ................................................................ 20 Probit Test ................................................................. 21 Bruceton Test ............................................................... 22 Robbins-Monro Test .......................................................... 22 Langlie Test ................................................................ 23 Neyer D-Optimal Test ........................................................ 24 Comparison of Test Methods .................................................. 24 Analysis Methods ............................................................ 27 Variation Function Analysis ................................................. 27 Simulation Analysis ......................................................... 28 Bruceton Analysis ........................................................... 28 Asymptotic Analysis ......................................................... 28 Likelihood Ratio ............................................................ 29 Comparison of Analysis Methods............................................... 29
Chapter 5. Mechanisms and Rates of Pyrotechnic Reactions ........................... 31
Solid-Solid Ignitions ....................................................... 31 Pre-ignition Step ........................................................ 31 Examples of Solid-Solid Reactions ........................................ 32 Solid-Liquid Reactions ...................................................... 33 Solid-Gas Reactions ......................................................... 35
Chapter 6. Color Creation .......................................................... 39
Chapter 7. Thermochemical Calculations ............................................. 44
Calculations of the Adiabatic Reaction Temperature .......................... 44 Use of Thermodynamic Tables ................................................. 47
Chapter 8. Some Words on Instrumentation ........................................... 50
Heat of Reaction ............................................................ 50 Kinetics of Reaction ........................................................ 51 Accelerating Rate Calorimetry ............................................ 51 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis ................................................. 52 Temperature Measurement ..................................................... 53 Pyrometry ................................................................ 53 Flame Temperatures ....................................................... 54 Thermocouple Thermometry ................................................. 55 Measurement of Electrostatic Sensitivity .................................... 56
Chapter 9. Ignition ................................................................ 58
Ignition .................................................................... 58 Ignition at Constant Heat Flow .............................................. 59 Ignition by a Point Source ............................................... 61 Dynamic Ignition Pulse ................................................... 61
Chapter 10. Primary Ignition ....................................................... 63
Autooxidation - Self-Ignition ............................................... 63 Pyrophoricity ............................................................... 65 Hypergolicity: Self-igniting Fuel-Oxidizer Systems .......................... 71
Chapter 11. Matches ................................................................ 74
Manufacturing Procedures .................................................... 76 Non-standard and Military Matches ........................................... 77 Properties of Matches: Mechanisms of Performance ............................ 81 Safety Aspects .............................................................. 82 Toxicity .................................................................... 83 Humidity Resistance ......................................................... 83
Chapter 12. Primers and Ignition Mixtures .......................................... 85
Percussion Primers .......................................................... 85 Stab Primers ................................................................ 86 Electrical Primers .......................................................... 87
Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Ignition Devicesm ........................................ 93
Ignition of Pyrotechnics with Lasers ........................................ 93 Shock Ignition of Pyrotechnics .............................................. 94 Ignition of Pyrotechnics using Flueric Matches .............................. 96
Chapter 14. Miscellaneous Pyrotechnic Effects ...................................... 97
Blank Ammunition ............................................................ 97 Shotgun Blanks ........................................................... 98 Pistol Blanks ............................................................ 99 Rifle Blanks ............................................................. 99 Blanks for Industrial Applications ....................................... 99 Theatrical Effects ......................................................... 100 The Pyrotechnic Laser ...................................................... 102 Commercial Applications .................................................... 102 Rocketry ................................................................... 103
Chapter 15. Fireworks ............................................................ 105
Introductory Remarks ....................................................... 105 Materials .................................................................. 107 Terrestrial Fireworks ...................................................... 114 Colored Fires, Torches, and Lancework ................................... 114 Waterfalls .............................................................. 124 Sparklers ............................................................... 124 Gerbs and Fountains ..................................................... 126 Wheels and Related Devices .............................................. 131 Whistles ................................................................ 135 Smoke ................................................................... 138 Explosive Noisemakers ................................................... 138 Snakes .................................................................. 145 Aerial Fireworks ........................................................... 147 Stars and Garnitures .................................................... 147 Comets .................................................................. 189 Mines ................................................................... 191 Roman Candles ........................................................... 193 Rockets and Related Devices ............................................. 198 Shells .................................................................. 214 Lifting Charges and Leaders ............................................. 242 Aquatic Fireworks .......................................................... 244 Display Operation .......................................................... 247
Chapter 16. Materials Used in Pyrotechnics ........................................ 257
Aluminum ................................................................... 257 Ammonium Nitrate ........................................................... 258 Ammonium Perchlorate ....................................................... 258 Antimony and Arsenic Sulfides .............................................. 259 Alkaline Earth Chromates ................................................... 259 Barium Compounds ........................................................... 260 Barium nitrate .......................................................... 260 Barium chlorate ......................................................... 260 Barium perchlorate ...................................................... 260 Barium carbonate ........................................................ 260 Black Powder and Related Materials ......................................... 260 Boron and Silicon .......................................................... 263 Carbon, Carbonaceous Fuels, and Binders .................................... 264 Magnesium .................................................................. 267 Magnalium .................................................................. 268 Phosphorus ................................................................. 269 Potassium Chlorate ......................................................... 269 Potassium Nitrate .......................................................... 270 Potassium Perchlorate ...................................................... 271 Sulfur ..................................................................... 272 Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium ........................................... 273
Chapter 17. Generation of Light ................................................... 277
Principles of Radiometry and Photometry .................................... 277 The Mechanism of Illumination by Flares .................................... 282 Illuminating Flares ........................................................ 283 Castable Flare Illuminants ................................................. 284 Safety in Flare Manufacture ................................................ 285 Photoflash and Flashbulbs .................................................. 286 Production of White Light .................................................. 287 General Remarks ......................................................... 287 Optical Considerations .................................................. 287 Chemistry of Illuminants ................................................ 287 Specific Hazards of Production of Large Flares .......................... 290 White Signals ........................................................... 291 Testing of Flares ....................................................... 291 Flash Charges ........................................................... 292 Illuminating Flashes .................................................... 292 Signal Flashes .......................................................... 294 Colored Light .............................................................. 294 Color Selection ......................................................... 295
Chapter 18. Delay Trains ......................................................... 299
Introduction and History ................................................... 299 Delay Ranges and Uses ...................................................... 299 Factors in Formulation and Design .......................................... 301 Commercial Fuse Lines ...................................................... 305 Nonpyrotechnic Long Delays ................................................. 306 Composition of Delay Mixtures .............................................. 307
Chapter 19. Incendiaries and Tracer Munitions .................................... 312
Incendiaries ............................................................... 312 Tracer Munitions ........................................................... 316
Chapter 20. Generation of Smoke ................................................... 318
Screening Smoke ............................................................ 318 HC Smoke ................................................................... 319 Colored Smokes ............................................................. 321 Toxic Smokes ............................................................... 328 Screening Infrared Images .................................................. 328 Toxicity of Colored Smokes ................................................. 328 Dispersion of Chemical Agents .............................................. 329
Chapter 21. Generation of Sound .................................................. 333
Oscillating or Pulsating Reactions ......................................... 335
Chapter 22. Gas Generation and Heating Devices .................................... 339
Gas Production ............................................................. 341
Chapter 23. Glossary .............................................................. 349
Appendix I. Selected Further Resources for Pyrotechnics ........................... 380 Appendix II. Normal Distribution, Mean, and Standard Deviation .................... 398 Appendix III. Sieve Sizes ......................................................... 400 Appendix IV. KDNBF and DXN (DXW-1) ................................................ 401 Bibliography ...................................................................... 404 Index ............................................................................. 421 A Note about the Type and Printing ................................................ 430
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